Responses were carefully screened for highly inconsistent, monotonous, and unserious responding. Further information on the sample characteristics, representativeness, and design are found elsewhere 49 , Prior to data collection we provided written information about the study content and main purpose of the project to students, their parents and the school staff.
The school administered the informed consent form. To get access to the electronic questionnaire a login code , each student needed to return the consent form to the school. All participants were above 16 years of age and could therefore consent to the study by signing the informed consent forms, following Norwegian ethical regulations.
Students could respond to the questionnaire at home or in the classroom. To ensure anonymity and confidentiality the school made arrangements for group administration. Because the questionnaire covered sensitive and personal topics on health and sexuality the school's public health nurses were available for consultation during the weeks that the survey took place.
The participants reported whether they were in a committed relationship and if so, the duration of the relationship. The 9-item measure reflects three intercorrelated components: behavior, attitudes, and desire. Standard scaling and scoring was applied In the first scenario we asked participants to imagine being in a committed relationship where their partner has developed an interest for an extra-pair individual, and then asked whether participants would be most distressed by their partner developing an A emotional but not sexual relationship, or B sexual but not emotional relationship.
The second scenario asked the participant to imagine their partner developing both an emotional and a sexual relationship, and choose which aspect would be most distressing, the fact that their partner is A having sex with someone else, or B developing emotional bonds to someone else. These scenarios are the same as two of the scenarios used by Buss et al. For both scenarios, a jealousy score of 1 reflects that the sexual infidelity was more distressing than the emotional infidelity.
A score of 0 reflects that the emotional aspect was more distressing. Buss, D. Sexual jealousy. Google Scholar. Trivers, R. Parental investment and sexual selection. In Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man: — ed. Cambell, B. Sex differences in jealousy: Evolution, physiology, and psychology.
Article Google Scholar. Bendixen, M. Jealousy: Evidence of strong sex differences using both forced choice and continuous measure paradigms.
The evolution of jealousy. Trends Cogn. Kuhle, B. Did you have sex with him? Do you love her? An in vivo test of sex differences in jealous interrogations. Takahashi, H. Men and women show distinct brain activations during imagery of sexual and emotional infidelity. Neuroimage 32 3 , — Thomson, J. Sex differences in implicit association and attentional demands for information about infidelity. Sexual and emotional infidelity: Evolved gender differences in jealousy prove robust and replicable.
Sagarin, B. Sex differences in jealousy: A meta-analytic examination. Tagler, M. Sex differences in attitudes toward partner infidelity. Scelza, B. Patterns of paternal investment predict cross-cultural variation in jealous response. Kennair, L. Sex differences in jealousy: A study from Norway. Wiederman, M. Evolution, sex, and jealousy: Investigation with a sample from Sweden.
In search of moderators of sex differences in forced-choice jealousy responses: Effects of 2D:4D digit ratio and relationship infidelity experiences. Tinbergen, N. On aims and methods of ethology. Al-Shawaf, L. Human emotions: An evolutionary psychological perspective. Barrett, H. Can manipulations of cognitive load be used to test evolutionary hypotheses?. Romantic jealousy: A test of social cognitive and evolutionary models in a population-representative sample of adults.
J Sex Res. Lennarz, H. Lavallee, K. Child Psychol. Parker, J. Friendship jealousy in young adolescents: Individual differences and links to sex, self-esteem, aggression, and social adjustment. Loeser, M. Child Fam.
Giordano, P. The characteristics of romantic relationships associated with teen dating violence. Seiffge-Krenke, I. Friends or lovers? Person- and variable-oriented perspectives on dyadic similarity in adolescent romantic relationships.
Lantagne, A. Romantic relationship development: The interplay between age and relationship length. Agthe, M. When romance and rivalry awaken: Attractiveness-based social judgment biases emerge at adolescence.
Johnson, W. The age-IPV curve: Changes in the perpetration of intimate partner violence during adolescence and young adulthood. Youth Adolesc. Shackelford, T. Tooby, J. The second law of thermodynamics is the first law of psychology: Evolutionary developmental psychology and the theory of tandem, coordinated inheritances: Comment on Lickliter and Honeycutt PubMed Article Google Scholar.
Hagen, E. Evolutionary biology and the strategic view of ontogeny: Genetic strategies provide robustness and flexibility in the life course. Poulton, R. Non-associative fear acquisition: A review of the evidence from retrospective and longitudinal research. Bjorklund, D. Evolutionary developmental psychology. In The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology ed. While it would seem like those with dismissive attachment styles wouldn't care about either type of infidelity, Levy notes that this kind of attachment is defensive; dismissive types distance themselves from relationships to avoid deep-seated feelings of vulnerability.
Their concern over sexual infidelity shows a concern about their connections to others, but on an unemotional level, Levy said. Levy suggests that this attachment model of jealousy could replace the standard evolutionary one, though it is itself rooted in evolution. Attachment is a mechanism that helps people become connected to other people — an important survival technique in human society. These attachments are learned from our earliest relationships, with our parents or other caregivers, and seem to carry on through life, as our most important relationships shift from our parents, to our friends, and finally to romantic relationships.
So it would seem that the attachment styles adults display in relationships were learned from early on, and not programmed in. A few generations aren't enough to change either biology or culture very much. The gender differences that lead to jealousy are easy to explain. They are evolutionary adaptations that get passed on to the next generation - but why does this gender difference arise so early?
Precisely this question presents theoretical challenges for the researchers, because jealousy has historically not been risk-free, either. Throughout history, jealous boys and men have run a great risk by expressing their jealousy. Being ostracized, injured or killed in competing for women is all too well known. So why be jealous before you're able to take care of your partner? The research group at NTNU wanted to find out when these gender differences around jealousy, sex and emotions begin.
To this end they studied pupils aged 16 to 19 years in upper secondary school. Combined with jealousy, these hormones could lead to obsessive behavior, Fisher hypothesizes. High levels of norepinephrine may also reduce his appetite if he's feeling jealous. Basically, he's "a soup" of all these different brain chemicals, which could make him an unpredictable shadow of his usual self, Fisher says.
Although there's little research on the effects of long-term jealousy on the brain, Fisher says she wouldn't be surprised if prolonged bouts had a stress-like effect on your man's body and mind.
Testosterone is a caustic substance, she says, and it could eventually stoke the release of anxiety hormones like cortisol, which has been linked to weight gain, depression, and other unhealthy drawbacks. Testosterone and cortisol may also be suppressing the release of the sleep-regulation hormone serotonin, research from the University of Pisa in Italy shows.
As a result, your man not be getting solid sleep at night, which can contribute to emotional chaos. Persistently high levels of these hormones may crank up his immune system, elevating his inflammation levels, Fisher says. That could make him more likely to get sick, studies suggest. On top of all that, some recent research from Israel has linked oxytocin to negative emotions like hate.
0コメント